Creatine References

References:

Rawson, E.S., Clarkson, P.M.,Price, T.B., & Miles M.P., (2002).  Differential response of muscle phosphocreatine to creatine supplementation in young and old subjects.  Acta Physiol Scand.;174(1):57-65. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-201x.2002.00924.x

Persky, A.M., & Brazeau, G.A.. (2001).  Clinical pharmacology of the dietary supplement creatine monohydrate.  Pharmacol Rev.;53(2):161-76. Accessed at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11356982

Williams MH, & Branch JD., (1998).  Creatine supplementation and exercise performance: an update.  Journal of American College of Nutrition.;17(3):216-34. DOI: 10.1080/07315724.1998.10718751

Vandenberghe K,, Goris, M., Van Hecke, P., Van Leemputte, M., Vangerven, L., & Hespel, P., (1997).  Long term creatine intake is beneficial to muscle performance during resistance training.  J Appl Physiol (1985).;83(6):2055-63. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1997.83.6.2055

Branch, J.D.,(2003). Effect of creatine supplementation on body composition and performance: a meta-analysis.  Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.;13(2):198-226. Accessed at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12945830

6 Graef, J. L., Smith, A. E., Kendall, K. L., Fukuda, D. H., Moon, J. R., Beck, T. W., & Stout, J. R., (2009). The effects of four weeks of creatine supplementation and high-intensity interval training on cardio-respiratory-fitness: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition6, 18. DOI:10.1186/1550-2783-6-18.

Balsom, P.D.,Söderlund,. KSjödin, B., & Ekblom, B., (1995).  Skeletal muscle metabolism during short duration high-intensity exercise: influence of creatine supplementation.  Acta Physiol Scand.;154(3):303-10. DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1995.tb09914.x

8 Bird S. P. (2003). Creatine supplementation and exercise performance: a brief review. Journal of sports science & medicine2(4), 123–132.

9 Rae, C., Digney, A. L., McEwan, S. R., & Bates, T. C., (2003). Oral creatine monohydrate supplementation improves brain performance: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial. Proceedings. Biological sciences270(1529), 2147–2150. DOI:10.1098/rspb.2003.2492.

10 Willoughby, D.S., & Rosene, J., (2001).  Effects of oral creatine and resistance training on myosin heavy chain expression.  Med Sci Sports Exerc.;33(10):1674-81. DOI: 10.1097/00005768-200110000-00010

11 Buford, T. W., Kreider, R. B., Stout, J. R., Greenwood, M., Campbell, B., Spano, M., & Antonio, J. (2007).   International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: creatine supplementation and exercise e. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition,4, 6. DOI:10.1186/1550-2783-4-6.

12 Deldicque, L.,Theisen, D.,Bertrand, L.,Hespel, P., Hue, L., & Francaux, M., (2007).  Creatine enhances differentiation of myogenic C2C12 cells by activating both p38 and Akt/PKB pathways.  Am J Physiol Cell Physiol.;293(4):C1263-71. Epub 2007 Jul 25. DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00162.2007

13 Aaserud, R.,Gramvik, P.,Olsen, S.R., & Jensen J., (1998).  Creatine supplementation delays onset of fatigue during repeated bouts of sprint running.  Scand J Med Sci Sports.;8(5 Pt 1):247-51.

14  Tarnopolsky M.A.., & Beal, M.F., (2001).  Potential for creatine and other therapies targeting cellular energy dysfunction in neurological disorders. Ann Neurol.;49(5):561-74.

15 Becque, M.D., Lochmann, J.D., & Melrose, D.R.. (2000).  Effects of oral creatine supplementation on muscular strength and body composition. Med Sci Sports Exerc.;32(3):654-8.

16  Volek ,J.S., Kraemer, W.J., Bush, J.A., Boetes, M., Incledon, T., Clark, K.L., & Lynch, J.M., (1997).  Creatine supplementation enhances muscular performance during high-intensity resistance exercise.  J Am Diet Assoc.;97(7):765-70.

17 Jones, A.M., Atter, T., & Georg, K.P., (1999).  Oral creatine supplementation improves multiple sprint performance in elite ice-hockey players.  J Sports Med Phys Fitness.;39(3):189-96.

18 Francaux ,M., & Poortmans, J.R., (1999). Effects of training and creatine supplement on muscle strength and body mass.  Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol.;80(2):165-8.

19 Cooke, M.B., Rybalka, E., Williams, A.D., Cribb, P.J., & Hayes, A.,(2009).  Creatine supplementation enhances muscle force recovery after eccentrically-induced muscle damage in healthy individuals.  J Int Soc Sports Nutr.;6:13. DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-6-13.

20  Nissen, S.L., & Sharp,. RL., (2003).  Effect of dietary supplements on lean mass and strength gains with resistance exercise: a meta-analysis. J Appl Physiol (1985).,94(2):651-9. Epub 2002 Oct 25.

21  Sarem,i A., Gharakhanloo, R., Sharghi, S., Gharaati, M.R., Larijani, B., & Omidfar, K.. (2010).  Effects of oral creatine and resistance training on serum myostatin and GASP-1.  Mol Cell Endocrinol.;317 (1-2):25-30. DOI: 0.1016/j.mce.2009.12.019. Epub 2009, Dec 22.

22 Lal, A.K., & Negi, K.S., (2007).  Serum Creatine Kinase Activity in Thyroid Disorders Archana Prakash.  Journal of Medical Education and Research, 9(1):25-26.  Accessed at:  http://www.jkscience.org/archive/volume91/serum.pdf

23 Sakellaris, G., Nasis, G., Kotsiou, M., Tamiolaki, M., Charissis, G., & Evangeliou, A., (2008).  Prevention of traumatic headache, dizziness and fatigue with creatine administration. A pilot-study.  Acta Paediatr.,97(1):31-4. Epub 2007 Dec 3.

24 McMorris, T., Harris, R.C., Swain, J., Corbett, J., Collard, K., Dyson, R.J., Dye, L., Hodgson, C., & Draper, N., (2006).  Effect of creatine supplementation and sleep deprivation, with mild exercise, on cognitive and   psychomotor performance, mood state, and plasma concentrations of catecholamines and cortisol.          Psychopharmacology (Berl).;185(1):93-103. Epub 2006 Jan 17.

25 Dechent PPouwels PJWilken BHanefeld F, & Frahm J., (1999).  Increase of total creatine in human brain after oral supplementation of creatine-monohydrate. Am J Physiol.; 277(3): R698-704. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.1999.277.3. R698.

26  Saks VAKongas OVendelin M, & Kay L., (2000).  Role of the creatine/phosphocreatine system in the regulation of mitochondrial respiration. Acta Physiol Scand.,168(4):635-41.

27 Matthews RTFerrante RJKlivenyi PYang LKlein AMMueller GKaddurah-Daouk R, & Beal MF., (1999). Creatine and cyclocreatine attenuate MPTP neurotoxicity. Exp Neurol., 157(1):142-9.

28 Allen P. J., (2012). Creatine metabolism and psychiatric disorders: Does creatine supplementation have therapeutic value?  Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews36(5), 1442–1462. DOI:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.03.005

29  Jankovic J., (2008).  Parkinson’s disease: clinical features and diagnosis.  J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry.;79(4):368-76. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2007.131045.

30 Scandalis, T.A., Bosak, A.,Berliner, J.C., Helman. L.L., & Wells, M.R., (2001). Resistance training and gait   function in patients with Parkinson’s disease.Am J Phys Med Rehabil.;80(1):38-43; quiz 44-6.

31 Hirsch, M.A., Toole, T., Maitland, C.G., & Rider, R.A., (2003).  The effects of balance training and high-intensity resistance training on persons with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease.  Arch Phys Med Rehabil., 84 (8):1109-17.

32  Hass, C.J., Collins, M.A., & Juncos J.L., (2007).  Resistance training with creatine monohydrate improves upper-body strength in patients with Parkinson disease: a randomized trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair.;21(2):107-15.

33 Mo, J. J., Liu, L. Y., Peng, W. B., Rao, J., Liu, Z., & Cui, L. L. (2017). The effectiveness of creatine treatment for Parkinson’s disease: an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC neurology17(1),105. DOI:10.1186/s12883-017-0885-3

34 Kaemmerer ,W.F., Rodrigues, C.M., Steer, C.J., & Low, W.C., (2001). Creatine-supplemented diet extends Purkinje cell survival in spino-cerebellar ataxia type 1 transgenic mice but does not prevent the ataxic phenotype. Neuroscience., 103(3):713-24. DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00017-3

35 Bürklen, T. S., Schlattner, U., Homayouni, R., Gough, K., Rak, M., Szeghalmi, A., & Wallimann, T. (2006). The creatine kinase/creatine connection to Alzheimer’s disease: CK-inactivation, APP-CK complexes and focal creatine deposits. Journal of biomedicine & biotechnology2006(3), 35936. DOI:10.1155/JBB/2006/35936.

36 Prass, K., Royl, G., Lindauer, U., Freyer, D., Megow, D., Dirnagl, U., Stöckler-Ipsiroglu, G., Wallimann, T., & Priller, J., (2007). Improved reperfusion and neuroprotection by creatine in a mouse model of stroke.  Journal Cereb Blood Flow Metab.;27(3):452-9. Epub 2006 Jun 14. DOI:10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600351

37 Rambo, L.M., Ribeiro, LROliveira MSFurian AFLima FD,Souza MA,Silva LF,Retamoso LT,Corte CLPuntel GOde Avila DS ,Soares F.A., Fighera, M.R., Mello, C.F., & Royes, L.F., (2009).  Additive anticonvulsant effects of creatine supplementation and physical exercise against pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures.  Neurochem Int.; 55(5):333-40. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2009.04.007. Epub 2009 Apr 22.

38 Hausmann, O.N., Fouad, K., Wallimann, T., & Schwab, M.E., (2002).  Protective effects of oral creatine supplementation on spinal cord injury in rats.Spinal Cord.;40(9):449-56.

39 Klivenyi, P., Ferrante, R.J., Matthews, R.T., Bogdanov, M.B., Klein, A.M., Andreassen, O.A., Mueller, G., Wermer, M., Kaddurah-Daouk, R., & Beal, M.F., (1999). Neuroprotective effects of creatine in a transgenic animal model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.  Nat Med.;5(3):347-50.

40 Nelson. A.,G., Arnall. D,.A,, Kokkonen. J., Day. R., & Evans. J., (2001).  Muscle glycogen supercompensation is enhanced by prior creatine supplementation.  Med Sci Sports Exerc., 33(7):1096-100.

41  Op’t Eijnde, B., Ursø, B., Richter, E.A., Greenhaff, P.L., & Hespel, P., (2001). Effect of oral creatine supplementation on human muscle GLUT4 protein content after immobilization.  Diabetes.;50(1):18-23.

42  Gualano. B., Novaes, R.B., Artioli, G.G., Freire, T.O., Coelho, D.F., Scagliusi, F.B., Rogeri, P.S., Roschel, H., Ugrinowitsch, C., & Lancha, A.H., Jr., (2008).  Effects of creatine supplementation on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in sedentary healthy males undergoing aerobic training. Amino Acids.;34(2):245-50. Epub 2007 Mar 30.

43 Ju, J.S., Smith, J.L., Oppelt, P.J., & Fisher, J.S., (2005). Creatine feeding increases GLUT4 expression in rat skeletal muscle.  Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab.;288(2): E347-52. Epub 2004 Oct 19.

44 Cavalot, F., Petrelli, A., Traversa, M., Bonomo, K., Fiora, E., Conti, M., Anfossi, G., Costa, G., & Trovati, M., (2006).  Postprandial blood glucose is a stronger predictor of cardiovascular events than fasting blood   glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus, particularly in women: lessons from the San Luigi Gonzaga Diabetes Study.J Clin Endocrinol Metab.;91(3):813-9. Epub 2005 Dec 13.

45 Roitman S, Green T, Osher Y, Karni N, & Levine J., (2007).  Creatine monohydrate in resistant depression: a preliminary study. Creatine monohydrate in resistant depression: a preliminary study.  Brief Report. Bipolar Disord 20079: 754–758.

46 Allen, P.J., D’Anci, K. E., Kanarek, R. B., & Renshaw, P. F., (2010). Chronic creatine supplementation alters depression-like behavior in rodents in a sex-dependent manner. Neuropsychopharmacology: official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology35(2), 534–546.  DOI:10.1038/npp.2009.160.

47 Maita, L., Dr., (11/25/2014). Low Libido: Is it Low DHT.  Vibrancy for Life, Your Health Unleashed website. Accessed at:  https://howtoliveyounger.com/low-libido-is-it-low-dht/

48 Hull, M., (2012).  Does creatine cause hair loss?  Examine.com.  accessed at:  https://examine.com/nutriton/does-creatine-cause-hairloss/

49  McMorris T1Mielcarz GHarris RCSwain JP, & Howard A., (2007).  Creatine supplementation and cognitive performance in elderly individuals. Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn.;14(5):517-28.

50 Smith, R. N., Agharkar, A. S., & Gonzales, E. B. (2014). A review of creatine supplementation in age-related diseases: more than a supplement for athletes. F1000Research3, 222. DOI:10.12688/f1000research.5218.1

51 Green, A.L., Simpson, E.J., Littlewood, J.J., Macdonald, I.A, & Greenhaff, P.L., (1996).  Carbohydrate ingestion augments creatine retention during creatine feeding in humans. Acta Physiol Scand.;158(2):195-202.

52 Willis, J., Jones, R., Nwokolo, N., & Levy, J., (2010). Protein and creatine supplements and misdiagnosis of kidney disease.  British Medical Journal;340: b5027.

53  Häussinger, D., Roth, E., Lang, F., & Gerok W., (1993).  Cellular hydration state: an important determinant of protein catabolism in health and disease. Lancet.;341(8856):1330-2.

54 Olsen, S., Aagaard, P., Kadi, F., Tufekovic, G., Verney, J., Olesen, J.L., Suetta C, & Kjaer ,M.,(2006).  Creatine supplementation augments the increase in satellite cell and myonuclei number in human skeletal muscle   induced by strength training.J Physiol.;573(Pt 2):525-34. Epub 2006 Mar 31.

55 Powers, M. E., Arnold, B. L., Weltman, A. L., Perrin, D. H., Mistry, D., Kahler, D. M., & Volek, J. (2003).   Creatine Supplementation Increases Total Body Water Without Altering Fluid Distribution.  Journal of athletic training38(1), 44–50.

56 Schiaffino, S., & Mammucari, C. (2011). Regulation of skeletal muscle growth by the IGF1-Akt/PKB pathway: insights from genetic models. Skeletal muscle1(1), 4. doi:10.1186/2044-5040-1-4

57 Burke, D.G., Candow, D.G., Chilibeck, P.D., MacNeil, L.G., Roy, B.DTarnopolsky, M.A., & Ziegenfuss T., (2008).  Effect of creatine supplementation and resistance-exercise training on muscle insulin-like growth factor in young adults. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.;18(4):389-98.

58 Smith, A.E., Walter, A.A., Herda, T.J., Ryan, E.D., Moon, J.R., Cramer, J.T., & Stout, J.R., (2007).  Effects of creatine loading on electromyographic fatigue threshold during cycle ergometry in college-aged women.  Journal of Int Soc Sports Nutr.;4:20. DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-4-20

59 Hadjicharalambous, M., Kilduff L.P., & Pitsiladis, Y.P., (2008).  Brain serotonin and dopamine modulators, perceptual responses and endurance performance during exercise in the heat following creatine   supplementation.  J Int Soc Sports Nutr.;5:14. DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-5-14.

60 Kilduff, L.P., Georgiades, E., James, N., Minnion, R.H., Mitchell, M., Kingsmore, D., Hadjicharlambous, M., &   Pitsiladis, Y.P., (2004).  The effects of creatine supplementation on cardiovascular, metabolic, and thermo-regulatory responses during exercise in the heat in endurance-trained humans.  The International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 14(4):443-460.

61 Lyoo, I.K., Yoon, S., Kim, T.S., Hwang, J., Kim, J., Won, W., Bae, S., & Renshaw, P.F., (2012).  A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial of oral creatine monohydrate augmentation for enhanced response to a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor in women with major depressive disorder.  Am J Psychiatry, 169(9):937-945. DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12010009.

62  van der Merwe, J., Brooks, N.E., & Myburgh ,K.H.,(2009).  Three weeks of creatine monohydrate supplementation affects dihydrotestosterone to testosterone ratio in college-aged rugby players. Clin J Sport Med.,19(5):399-404. DOI: 10.1097/JSM.0b013e3181b8b52f.

63 Tarride, J.E., Hopkins, R.B., Leslie, W.D., Morin, S., Adachi, J.D., Papaioannou, A., Bessette, L., Brown, J.P., & Goeree, R. (2012).  The burden of illness of osteoporosis in Canada.  Osteoporos Int. 23(11):2591-600.

64  Johnell, O., & Kanis, J., (2005).  Epidemiology of osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporos Int16 (Suppl 2):S3-7.

65   Wallimann, T., & Hemmer, W., (1994).  Creatine kinase in non-muscle tissues and cells.  Mol Cell Biochem. 133-134:193-220.

66   Gerber, I., Gwynn, I., Alini, M., & Wallimann, T., (2005).  Stimulatory effects of creatine on metabolic activity, differentiation and mineralization of primary osteoblast-like cells in monolayer and micromass cell cultures.  Eur Cell Mater15: 10:8-22.

67   Chrusch, M.J., Chilibeck, P.D., Chad, K.E., Davison, K.S., & Burke, D.G., (2001).  Creatine supplementation combined with resistance training in older men.  Med Sci Sports Exerc33(12):2111-7.

68   Gotshalk, L.A., Kraemer, W.J., Mendonca, M.A., Vingren, J.L., Kenny, A.M., Spiering, B.A., Hatfield, D.L., Fragala, M.S., & Volek, J.S., (2008). Creatine supplementation improves muscular performance in older women.  Eur J Appl Physiol., 102(2):223-31.

69   Gotshalk, L.A., Volek, J.S., Staron, R.S., Denegar ,C.R., Hagerman, F.C., & Kraemer, W.J. , (2002).  Creatine supplementation improves muscular performance in older men.  Med Sci Sports Exerc., 34(3):537-43.

70   Chilibeck, P.D., Sale, D.G., & Webber, C.E., (1995).   Exercise and bone mineral density. Sports Med19(2):103-22.

71   Chilibeck, P.D., Candow, D.G., Landeryou, T., Kaviani, M., & Paus-Jenssen, L., (2015).  Effects of Creatine and Resistance Training on Bone Health in Postmenopausal Women. Med Sci Sports Exerc47(8):1587-95

72   Lorrain, J., Paiement, G., Chevrier, N., Lalumière, G., Laflamme, G.H., Caron, P. & Fillion, A., (2003).   Population demographics and socioeconomic impact of osteoporotic fractures in Canada. Menopause.,10(3):228-34.

73   Candow, D.G., Vogt, E., Johannsmeyer, S., Forbes, S.C., & Farthing, J.P., (2015).  Strategic creatine supplementation and resistance training in healthy older adults.  Appl Physiol Nutr Metab40(7):689-94.

74   Harris, R.C., Soderlund, K., & Hultman, E., (1992).  Elevation of creatine in resting and exercised muscle of normal subjects by creatine supplementation.  Clin Sci (Lond).,83(3):367-74.

75   Robinson., T.M, Sewell, D.A., Hultman, E., & Greenhaff. P.L., (1999).  Role of submaximal exercise in promoting creatine and glycogen accumulation in human skeletal muscle.  J Appl Physiol 87(2):598-604.

76   Gaffney-Stomberg, E., Insogna, K.L., Rodriguez, N.R., & Kerstetter, J.E., (2009).  Increasing dietary protein requirements in elderly people for optimal muscle and bone health. J Am Geriatr Soc57(6):1073-9.

77 U.S. National Library of Medicine, Clinical Trails website.  Webpage:  Effect of Creatine Supplementation and Exercise on Bone Health  Accessed at:  https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02047864

78   Sekhon, L.H., Morgan, M.K., Spence, I., & Weber, N.C., (1997).  Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion: pathological and behavioral consequences. Neurosurgery, 40(3):548-56

79   De Meyer, G.R., De Keulenaer, G.W., & Martinet, W., (2010).  Role of autophagy in heart failure associated with aging. Heart Fail Rev. 15(5):423-30.

80   Petrovski, G., & Das, D.K., (2010).  Does autophagy take a front seat in lifespan extension? J Cell Mol Med. 14(11):2543-51.

81   Terman. A, & Brunk. U.T., (2004).  Lipofuscin. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 36(8):1400-4.

82 Klopstock, T., Elstner, M., & Bender, A., (2011). Creatine in mouse models of neurodegeneration and aging.  Amino Acids, 40(5):1297-303

83 Andres, R.H., Ducray, A.D., & Huber, A.W., Perez-Bouza, A., Krebs, S.H., Schlattner, U., Seiler, R.W., Wallimann, T., & Widmer, H.R., (2005). Effects of creatine treatment on survival and differentiation of GABA-ergic neurons in cultured striatal tissue. J Neurochem. 95(1):33-45.  Accessed at:  https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03337.x

84 Hausmann, O.N., Fouad, K., Wallimann, T., & Schwab, M.E., (2002). Protective effects of oral creatine supplementation on spinal cord injury in rats. Spinal Cord., 40(9):449-56

85 Zhu, S., Li M., Figueroa, B.E., Liu AStavrovskaya I.G., Pasinelli/ P., Beal, M.F., Brown, R.H. Jr., Kristal, B.S., Ferrante, R.J., & Friedlander, R.M., (2004).  Prophylactic creatine administration mediates neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia in mice. J Neurosci.24(26):5909-12

86 Andres, R.H., Ducray, A.D., Perez-Bouza, A., Schlattner, U., Huber, A.W., Krebs S.H., Seiler, R.W., Wallimann, T., & Widmer, H.R., (2005).  Creatine supplementation improves dopaminergic cell survival and protects against MPP+ toxicity in an organotypic tissue culture system. Cell Transplant, 14(8):537-50.  DOI: https://doi.org/10.3727/000000005783982756

87 Adhihetty, P.J., & Beal, M.F., (2008).  Creatine and its potential therapeutic value for targeting cellular energy impairment in neurodegenerative diseases. Neuromolecular Med, 10(4):275-90

88 Andres, R.H., Ducray, A.D., Schlattner, U., & Wallimann, T., (2008).  Widmer HR. Functions and effects of creatine in the central nervous system. Brain Res Bull.76(4):329-43

89 Zhu, S., Li, M., Figueroa, B.E., Liu, A., Stavrovskaya, I.G., Pasinelli, P., Beal, M.F., Brown, R.H. Jr., Kristal, B.S., Ferrante, R.J., & Friedlander, R.M., (2004).  Prophylactic creatine administration mediates neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia in mice. J Neurosci. 24(26):5909-12.  DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1278-04.2004

90 Santos, R.V., Bassit, R.A., Caperuto, E.C., & Costa Rosa, L.F., (2004).  The effect of creatine supplementation upon inflammatory and muscle soreness markers after a 30km race. Life Sci.;75(16):1917-24.

91 Creatine webpage.  Medicine Net website.  Accessed at:  https://www.medicinenet.com/creatine/supplements-vitamins.htm#SafetyConcerns

92 Riesberg, L. A., Weed, S. A., McDonald, T. L., Eckerson, J. M., & Drescher, K. M. (2016). Beyond muscles: The untapped potential of creatine. International immunopharmacology37, 31–42. DOI:10.1016/j.intimp.2015.12.034

93 Bassit, R.A., Curi, R., & Costa Rosa LF., (2008).  Creatine supplementation reduces plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and PGE2 after a half-ironman competition.  Amino Acids.  35(2):425-31. Epub 2007 Oct 4.

94 Deminice, R., Rosa, F.T., Franco, G.S., Jordao, A..A, & de Freitas, E.C., (2013).  Effects of creatine supplementation on oxidative stress and inflammatory markers after repeated-sprint exercise in humans.  Nutrition. 29(9):1127-32. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2013.03.003. Epub 2013 Jun 22.

95 Deminice, R., &  Jordao, A.A., (2012).  Creatine supplementation reduces oxidative stress biomarkers after acute exercise in rats.  Amino Acids., 43(2): 709-15.DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1121-x. Epub 2011 Oct 19.

96 Nomura, A., Zhang, M., Sakamoto, T., Ishii, Y., Morishima, Y., Mochizuki, M.,&  Sekizawa, K., (2003). Anti-inflammatory activity of creatine supplementation in endothelial cells in vitro. British journal of pharmacology139(4), 715–720. DOI:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705316

97 Greenwood, M.,  Kreider, R.B., Melton, C., Rasmussen, C., Lancaster, S., Cantler, E., Milnor, P., & Almada, A., (2003).  Creatine supplementation during college football training does not increase the incidence of cramping or injury.   Mol Cell Biochem.,  244(1-2):83-8.

98 Trexler, E.T., & Smith-Ryan, A.E.,(2015).  Creatine and Caffeine: Considerations for Concurrent Supplementation. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 25(6):607-23.  DOI:10.113/ijsnem.2014-0193

99 Vieira, R.P., Duarte, A.C., Santos, A.B., Medeiros, M.C., Mauad, T., Martins, M.A., Carvalho, C.R., & Dolhnikoff, M., (2009). Exercise reduces effects of creatine on lung.  Int J Sports Med. 30(9):684-90. DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1224176. Epub 2009 Jun 30.

100 Braegger, C.P., Schlattner, U., Wallimann, T., Utiger, A., Frank, F., Schaefer, B., Heizmann, C.W., & Sennhauser FH., (2003).  Effects of creatine supplementation in cystic fibrosis: results of a pilot study.J Cyst Fibros., 2(4):177-82.

101 Fuld,. JP., Kilduff, L.P., Neder, J.A., Pitsiladis, Y., Lean, M.E., Ward, S.A.,& Cotton, M.M., (2005).  Creatine supplementation during pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.  Thorax. 60(7):531-7.  DOI:10.1136/thx.2004.030452).

102 Giordano, S., Darley-Usmar, V., & Zhang, J., (2013). Autophagy as an essential cellular antioxidant pathway in neurodegenerative disease. Redox Biol.2:82-90.

103 Lenz, H., Schmidt, M., Welge, V., Schlattner, U., Wallimann, T., Elsasser, H-P., Wittern, K-P., Wenck, H., Stab, F., & Blatt, T., (2005).  The creatine kinase system in human skin: protective effects of creatine against oxidative and UV damage in vitro and in vivo.  Journal of Investigative Dermatology 124(2): 443-452.  DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2004.23522.x

104 Blatt, T., Lenz, H., Koop, U., Jaspers, S., Weber, T., Mummert, C., Wittern, K.P., Stab, F., & Wenck, H., (2005).  Stimulation of skin’s energy metabolism provides multiple benefits for mature human skin. Biofactors 25(1-4):179-85.  DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.5520250121.

105 Pen State University, Milton S. Hershey Medical Centre website.  Webpage: creatine.  Accessed at:  http://pennstatehershey.adam.com/content.aspx?productid=107&pid=33&gid=000297.

106 Turner, E., McAlpine, W., Wang, K., Lu, T., Li, X., Tang, M., Zhan, X., Wang, T., Zhan, X., Bu, C.H., Murrayare., and Butler, B.,(2016). Creatine maintains Intestinal homeostasis and protects against colitis. PNAS, E1273-E1281. DOI:10.1073/pnas1621400114.

107   Colgan, S. P., Curtis, V. F., Lanis, J. M., & Glover, L. E. (2015). Metabolic regulation of intestinal epithelial barrier during inflammation. Tissue barriers3(1-2), e970936. DOI:10.4161/21688362.2014.970936).

108  Roy, A., & Lee, D. (2016). Dietary Creatine as a Possible Novel Treatment for Crohn’s Ileitis. ACG case reports journal3(4), e173. DOI:10.14309/crj.2016.146.

109   Moreira, P.I., Cavalho, C., Zhu, X., Smith, M.A., & Perry, G., (2010).  Mitochondrial dysfunction is a trigger of Alzheimer’s Disease pathophysiology.  Biochim Biophys Acta., 1802(1):2-10.

110   Klein, A.M., & Ferrante, R.J., (2007).  The neuroprotective role of creatine.  Subcell Biochem., 46:205-243.

111   Brewer, G.J., & Walliman, T.W., (2000).  Protective effect of the energy precursor creatine against toxicity of glutamate and beta-amyloid in rat hippocampal neurons.  J. Neurochem, 74(5): 1968-1978.

112   Soares, V. P., & Campos, A. C., (2017).  Evidences for the Anti-panic Actions of Cannabidiol.  Current neuropharmacology.15(2): 291–299.  DOI:10.2174/1570159X14666160509123955.

113   Bender, A., Beckers, J., & Schneider I., et al., (2008).  Creatine improves health and survival of mice.      Neurobiol Aging., 29(9): 1404-1411.


The information on this site is for educational and informational purposes only.  It is not to take the place of medical advice or treatment.   Seek out a qualified health care provider if you have questions or need help.  Dr. Grant is not responsible for any possible health consequences of anyone who follows or reads the information in this content.  Everyone, but especially those taking medication (over the counter or prescription) should talk with a physician before undertaking any changes to their lifestyle or diet (including taking supplements).